Marcus Aurelius - Wikipedia. Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus. Joint 1. 6th Emperor of the Roman Empire. Reign. 8 March 1. March 1. 80. Predecessor. Antoninus Pius. Successor. Commodus. Co- emperors.
Lucius Verus(1. 61–1. Commodus(1. 77–1. Born(1. 21- 0. 4- 2. April 1. 21. Rome. Died. 17 March 1. Vindobona or Sirmium. Burial. Hadrian's Mausoleum.
Issue. 14, incl. Commodus, Marcus Annius Verus, Antoninus and Lucilla. Full name. Marcus Annius Verus (name at birth,[1][2] or upon the death of his father and adoption by his grandfather, or upon coming of age[3])Marcus Annius Catilius Severus (name at birth,[3] or for some period of his youth[2])Marcus Catilius Severus Annius Verus (name at birth[4])Marcus Aelius Aurelius Verus (upon adoption by Antoninus Pius[5])Marcus Aelius Aurelius Verus Caesar (as imperial heir)Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus (upon joint ascension, with Lucius Verus, to the throne[4])Dynasty. Antonine. Father. Mother. Domitia Lucilla. Marcus Aurelius (; Latin: Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus; [6][notes 1][9] 2. April 1. 21 – 1. 7 March 1. AD) was Roman emperor from 1.
Lucius Verus until Verus' death in 1. Commodus, from 1. He was the last of the so- called Five Good Emperors. He was a practitioner of Stoicism, and his untitled writing, commonly known as Meditations, is a significant source of our modern understanding of ancient Stoic philosophy. It is considered by many commentators to be one of the greatest works of philosophy.[1.
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During his reign, the Roman Empire defeated a revitalized Parthian Empire in the East: Aurelius' general Avidius Cassius sacked the capital Ctesiphon in 1. In central Europe, Aurelius fought the Marcomanni, Quadi, and Sarmatians with success during the Marcomannic Wars, although the threat of the Germanic peoples began to represent a troubling reality for the Empire. A revolt in the East led by Avidius Cassius failed to gain momentum and was suppressed immediately. Persecution of Christians increased during his reign. His death in 1. 80 is considered the end of the Pax Romana[1. Fall of the Western Roman Empire.
Sources[edit]Denarius, struck 1. AD with portrait of Antoninus Pius (obverse) and his adoptive son Marcus Aurelius (reverse)The major sources depicting the life and rule of Marcus Aurelius are patchy and frequently unreliable. The most important group of sources, the biographies contained in the Historia Augusta, claim to be written by a group of authors at the turn of the 4th century AD, but are in fact written by a single author (referred to here as "the biographer") from the later 4th century (c. AD).[1. 2]The later biographies and the biographies of subordinate emperors and usurpers are a tissue of lies and fiction, but the earlier biographies, derived primarily from now- lost earlier sources (Marius Maximus or Ignotus), are much more accurate.[1. For Marcus' life and rule, the biographies of Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Marcus and Lucius Verus are largely reliable, but those of Aelius Verus and Avidius Cassius are full of fiction.[1.
Hi everyone, We are in the process of migrating all user accounts from the Modern Stoicism WordPress site to our new Learn Modern Stoicism site hosted by Teachable. Free eBook: Meditations by Marcus Aurelius. There is probably no more romantic story of a book in the history of literature than that of the volume known as the.
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A body of correspondence between Marcus' tutor Fronto and various Antonine officials survives in a series of patchy manuscripts, covering the period from c. Marcus' own Meditations offer a window on his inner life, but are largely undateable, and make few specific references to worldly affairs.[1. The main narrative source for the period is Cassius Dio, a Greek senator from Bithynian.
Nicaea who wrote a history of Rome from its founding to 2. Dio is vital for the military history of the period, but his senatorial prejudices and strong opposition to imperial expansion obscure his perspective.[1. Some other literary sources provide specific detail: the writings of the physician Galen on the habits of the Antonine elite, the orations of Aelius Aristides on the temper of the times, and the constitutions preserved in the Digest and Codex Justinianus on Marcus' legal work.[1. Inscriptions and coin finds supplement the literary sources.[1. Early life and career[edit]Marcus' family originated in Ucubi, a small town southeast of Córdoba in Iberian Baetica. The family rose to prominence in the late 1st century AD.
In its first three centuries, the Christian church endured persecution at the hands of Roman authorities. This experience, and its resulting martyrs and apologists. The Meditations by Marcus Aurelius, part of the Internet Classics Archive.
Marcus' great- grandfather Marcus Annius Verus (I) was a senator and (according to the Historia Augusta) ex- praetor; in 7. Able2extract Professional Crack Serial Keygen Superantispyware . Marcus Annius Verus (II), was made a patrician.[1.Verus' elder son—Marcus Aurelius' father—Marcus Annius Verus (III) married Domitia Lucilla.[2.Lucilla was the daughter of the patrician P.Calvisius Tullus Ruso and the elder Domitia Lucilla.
The elder Domitia Lucilla had inherited a great fortune (described at length in one of Pliny's letters) from her maternal grandfather and her paternal grandfather by adoption.[2. The younger Lucilla would acquire much of her mother's wealth, including a large brickworks on the outskirts of Rome—a profitable enterprise in an era when the city was experiencing a construction boom.[2. Lucilla and Verus (III) had two children: a son, Marcus, born on 2. April 1. 21 AD, and a daughter, Annia Cornificia Faustina, probably born in 1. AD.[2. 6] Verus (III) probably died in 1.
AD, during his praetorship, when Marcus was only three years old.[2. Though he can hardly have known him, Marcus Aurelius wrote in his Meditations that he had learned "modesty and manliness" from his memories of his father and from the man's posthumous reputation.[2. Lucilla did not remarry.[2. Lucilla, following prevailing aristocratic customs, probably did not spend much time with her son.
Marcus was in the care of "nurses".[3.Even so, Marcus credits his mother with teaching him "religious piety, simplicity in diet" and how to avoid "the ways of the rich".[3. . In his letters, Marcus makes frequent and affectionate reference to her; he was grateful that, "although she was fated to die young, yet she spent her last years with me".[3.After his father's death, Aurelius was raised by his paternal grandfather Marcus Annius Verus who, according to Roman Law, had always retained the "patria potestas" over his son and grandson.Technically this was not an adoption, since an adoption would be the legal creation of a new and different "patria potestas" (II).[3.
Another man, Lucius Catilius Severus, also participated in his upbringing. Severus is described as Marcus' "maternal great- grandfather"; he is probably the stepfather of the elder Lucilla.[3. Marcus was raised in his parents' home on the Caelian Hill, a district he would affectionately refer to as "my Caelian".[3. It was an upscale region, with few public buildings but many aristocratic villas. Marcus' grandfather owned his own palace beside the Lateran, where Marcus would spend much of his childhood.[3. Marcus thanks his grandfather for teaching him "good character and avoidance of bad temper".[3. He was less fond of the mistress his grandfather took and lived with after the death of Rupilia Faustina, his wife.[3.
Marcus was grateful that he did not have to live with her longer than he did.[3. Marcus was taught at home, in line with contemporary aristocratic trends; [3.
Marcus thanks Catilius Severus for encouraging him to avoid public schools.[4. One of his teachers, Diognetus, a painting- master, proved particularly influential; he seems to have introduced Marcus to the philosophic way of life.[4. In April 1. 32, at the behest of Diognetus, Marcus took up the dress and habits of the philosopher: he studied while wearing a rough Greek cloak, and would sleep on the ground until his mother convinced him to sleep on a bed.[4. A new set of tutors—Alexander of Cotiaeum, Trosius Aper and Tuticius Proculus[notes 4]—took over Marcus' education in about 1. Little is known of the latter two (both teachers of Latin), but Alexander was a major littérateur, the leading Homeric scholar of his day.[4. Marcus thanks Alexander for his training in literary styling.[4. Alexander's influence—an emphasis on matter over style, on careful wording, with the occasional Homeric quotation—has been detected in Marcus' Meditations.[4.
Succession to Hadrian, 1. In late 1. 36, Hadrian almost died from a haemorrhage. Convalescent in his villa at Tivoli, he selected Lucius Ceionius Commodus, Marcus' intended father- in- law, as his successor and adopted him as his son.[4. The selection was done invitis omnibus, "against the wishes of everyone".[4. While there will never be absolute certainty regarding his motives, it would appear that his goal was to eventually place the then- too- young Marcus on the throne.[5.